E-rickshaw lead-acid batteries are typically 12V batteries, and most e-rickshaws use a 48V system, requiring four 12V batteries connected in series. These batteries are a common, budget-friendly option for e-rickshaws, but they have a shorter lifespan and require more maintenance compared to lithium-ion batteries. They are readily available and offer a lower upfront cost. 

Voltage: 12V per battery, commonly configured as 4 x 12V = 48V for the entire system.

Capacity: Typically 100Ah to 150Ah.

Type: Lead-acid, specifically flooded lead-acid batteries are common.

Lifespan: Shorter than lithium-ion, typically lasting 1-3 years or 200-500 charge cycles.

Maintenance: Require regular maintenance, including topping off distilled water and cleaning terminals.

Cost: Lower upfront cost compared to lithium-ion batteries.

Weight: Heavier than lithium-ion batteries.

Specific Energy/Power: Lower specific energy and power compared to lithium-ion batteries.

Temperature Sensitivity: Performance can be affected by low temperatures.

Advantages:

Cost-effective: Lead-acid batteries are generally cheaper to purchase initially.

Readily available: Widely available in the market.

Mature technology: Well-established technology with a long history.

Disadvantages:

Shorter lifespan: Need to be replaced more frequently than lithium-ion batteries.

Lower energy density: Provide less power for the same weight and size.

Maintenance intensive: Require regular maintenance and care.

Heavier: Add more weight to the e-rickshaw.

Environmental concerns: Contain lead and acid, requiring careful disposal.

Types of Lead-Acid Batteries:

Flooded Lead-Acid: The most common type, requiring regular maintenance.

Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA): Include AGM and Gel Cell variants, offering some improvements over flooded types.

Considerations for E-Rickshaw Use:

Number of batteries:

Most e-rickshaws use four 12V batteries connected in series to achieve the required 48V.

Capacity:

Choose a battery with sufficient capacity (Ah) to meet the e-rickshaw's needs and desired range.

Charging:

Use a compatible lead-acid battery charger designed for e-rickshaws.

Maintenance:

Follow the manufacturer's recommendations for maintenance to extend the battery's lifespan.